Urban planning

Urban planning is the process of developing and designing plans for land use and the built environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks, and their accessibility. Traditionally, urban planning followed a top-down approach in master planning the physical layout of human settlements. The primary concern was the public welfare, which included considerations of efficiency, sanitation, protection and use of the environment, as well as taking account of effects of the master plans on the social and economic activities.

Over time, urban planning has adopted a focus on the social and environmental "bottom lines" that focuses on using planning as a tool to improve the health and well-being of people and maintain sustainability standards.
In the mid-20th century, urban planning experts such as Jane Jacobs called on urban planners to take resident experiences and needs more into consideration.

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Source: Wikipedia · Image: Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 2.5